Jesus Christ's Son of Man
No lie can live forever.
—Alfred North Whitehead
The Son of Man in the Gospels can be traced to the constellation Orion which represents Jesus’ Spirit. Background for this report can be found in Gospel Zodiac, Jesus' Ghost and Pillar of Cloud. They explain how Jesus allegorizes the sun, the nature of Jesus’ Spirit and the role the Milky Way plays in apocalyptic prophecies. This report explains the astrological significance of Son of Man.
Introduction
One of the imperatives in Christian mythology is the belief that the world as we know it will end someday. God will overthrow the forces of evil and all who side with them, and only those who repent and follow Jesus’ teachings will be allowed to enter the new Kingdom of God. Jesus and Paul mention it often and the Book of Revelation is devoted to it.
Many passages attest that Jesus expected the end of the world to come in his time, not thousands of years later. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus refers to some mysterious Son of man, a cosmic judge sent from heaven who would destroy whoever opposes God and reward those who are faithful.
Who this Son of man? The popular claim has it that Jesus was referring to himself in the third person. It’s plausible because many passages fit the course of Jesus’ ministry. What is suspicious about this rationale is that Jesus appears to be describing someone else.
38For
whoever is ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful
generation, of him will the Son of man also be ashamed, when
he comes in the glory of his Father with the holy angels."
1And
he said to them, "Truly, I say to you,
there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see
that the kingdom of God has come with power." (Mark 8:38-9:1)
I submit that Christian reasoning is entirely wrong. When Christians read the predictions of the end of the world, they are waiting for events to unfold on earth. Even after 2,000 years of false alarms, they have not lost patience, and I don’t know if they will ever admit that maybe they are misreading the New Testament.
Such a calamity cannot happen as the Bible predicts. Something on that scale would take an event like a large meteor to hit earth. In such a case, a meteor would not care who is faithful to Jesus. If there was a nuclear war, bombs would be guided by human stupidity, not divine intelligence. If any other catastrophe happens on that scale, earth would not be a very pleasant place for the survivors. Whatever the cause of mass destruction, faith will not protect anybody. Even worse, if the entire world was destroyed, as devout Christians believe, there would be no survivors.
What confuses modern readers is the way the Bible’s writers coded their belief in the power of the stars as if they affected life on earth. The matter before us is to decipher their writings for what they meant to ancients, not to what modern believers want to believe.
For this reason, we will examine the Bible from an astronomical point of view. It was a time when ancients perceived the stars in heaven as patterns to be interpreted as God’s divine plan for life on earth. The sun was especially important to them because they understood that life on earth depended on it.
There are three clues which clarify what they were writing about. The first describes the Son of man as the constellation Orion. The second relates the yearly sun cycle to the end of the world. The third tracks Orion with the sun cycle. There can be no other conclusion except that the idea of a supernatural God was conceived as a ruse to mislead faithful Christians.
The Son of man
Three passages define the Son of man in physical form.
The first appears in the apocalyptic writings of the Book of Daniel, where Daniel describes the Son of man as riding on the clouds of heaven to the “Ancient of days” to give him everlasting dominion over the new kingdom of heaven.
13
14 (Dan. 7:13-14)Revelation’s description of the Son of man fits the pattern of stars in the constellation Orion. The star on his right shoulder is bright red (upper left star). The three stars at his waste were later seen as the three wise men who announced the birth of Jesus.
12Then
I turned to see the voice that was speaking to me, and on turning I saw
seven golden lampstands,
13and in the midst of the
lampstands one like a son of man, clothed with a long robe and
with a golden girdle round his breast;
14his head and his hair
were white as white wool, white as snow;
his eyes were like a flame of fire,
15his feet were like
burnished bronze, refined as in a furnace,
and his voice was like the sound of many waters;
16in his right hand he
held seven stars, from his mouth
issued a sharp two-edged sword, and his face was like the sun shining in
full strength. (Rev. 1:12-20)
The Son of man has a cluster of stars in the background that look like the clouds upon which the Son of man rides. Astronomical maps show the Milky Way behind the constellation Orion. From earth, they look like clouds.
14And I
looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the cloud one sat like
unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in
his hand a sharp sickle.
(Rev. 14:14-20)
A photograph of Orion, personified as the Son of man riding on a cloud.
Orion as seen in human form. His right hand could be holding a sickle or a club. His left hand could be holding an animal skin, a shield or a bow. The Milky Way is behind him. The arc above him represents the sun’s path. The line going through his waste is the celestial equator which runs parallel to earth’s equator.
Orion's legacy
After the Big Dipper, Orion is perhaps the next most celebrated constellation in the winter sky. Mythologies about Orion probably originated from the Egyptians thousands of years ago and extended to the Greeks at the turn of the first century. It is a very important constellation to astral religions and easy to recognize.
To the ancient Egyptians, Orion was Osiris the God of Light. Set was Orisis’ brother and the God of Darkness. According to legend, Orisis was murdered by his evil brother Set, who tore his body into pieces and scattered the fragments. Isis, Osiris’ wife, managed to put him back together except for his phallus, which had been swallowed by a fish. She made an artificial phallus and breathed into his body to restore his soul. Thereafter, he rose to the sky.
In one period, Orion represented the Egyptian god of the dead and the first king of Egypt. After death, the pharaoh was thought to mystically inseminate the stars to ensure that, through Osiris, Horus the sun god would be reborn as his successor.
In one Greek myth, Orion was the son of Neptune and the nymph Euryale. He was of gigantic size, strength and beauty. He was so tall that he could walk through deep water without wetting his head. His hubris invoked Gaia, the Goddess of the Earth to send a scorpion to kill him. His fall to earth can be seen when the stars of Orion sink defeated below the western horizon and the stars of Scorpion are just rising in the east.
The next night he rises again, saved by Ophiuchus, the Doctor of Antiquity who gave him an antidote for the scorpions poison. This can be seen when the Scorpion sets in the southwest with Ophiuchus standing over him as a symbol of the antidote. Later, when Ophiuchus sets in the west, Orion comes up from the east, fully recovered.
In these myths alone we see fragments of Christian mythology. Gods die and are restored to life. They are given a soul by being breathed into and they fall to earth as Adam did. The scorpion brings death as Judas did to Jesus. There is the eternal conflict between light and dark. (See Light verses Dark)
The timing of Orion’s cycle fits with the birth of Jesus on December 25. It makes its first appearance in the east in mid December each year. And as the season progresses, Orion rises with the sun and sets in the west three days before it rises in the east again.
With the sun personified as Jesus, it is accurate to think of Orion as a constellation in synch with the sun’s cycle. In a sense they are like conjoined twins who suffer the same fate. This is why the confusion about whether Jesus is referring to himself as the Son of Man in the third person or whether the Son of Man is some cosmic judge.
The sun cycle
In allegorical language, the sun goes through four seasonal cycles. It is born on December 25 when daylight hours start to increase. At about this same time Orion rises in the east with its three belt stars as the three wise men. As Orion rises, the star Sirius ascends above the horizon as the star of Bethlehem. Sirius is the brightest star in the sky.
The powers of darkness are still in power, but as the daylight hours increase, it is seen as overcoming the forces that try to stop it. In the Gospels, this is when Jesus is born and when his parents take him away to keep Herod from killing him.
At the spring equinox it has entered the gates of heaven when daylight hours start to emerge more powerful than the dark evil forces. Jesus’ mission starts in the spring when he collects his disciples and builds a following.
At the summer solstice, when the sun is the highest in the sky, the sun is on its throne. In the following summer months, as the sun descends, it is still strong, but it is weakening as the dark forces start to make war against it. To show his strength, Jesus performs miracles and exorcises demons. At this time Orion is at the height of its ascent.
When the sun passes through the fall equinox, it enters the gates to hell. Night time hours start to lengthen and the dark forces are said to be fighting their way back to power. The sun continues to weaken until it dies for three days following December 21. This is when Jesus is betrayed by Judas and is taken to trial and executed. Allegorically, this is the end of the world.
On December 25, the sun is resurrected and the cycle repeats.
This cycle is not unique to Christianity; it plays out through the mythologies of resurrected gods. It was the age of fable when the constellations were assigned the names of gods. There was Hercules who died on his twelfth labor like Jesus. There is Jason and the Argonauts with their ship Argo, reminiscent of Noah’s ark. The constellation Perseus holding the head of Medusa looks like David holding the head of Goliath. There are creation myths, supreme gods who mate with virgins, giants, serpents and a host of other characters like those in the Bible.
The Bible cannot be understood by those who are so blinded with faith that they keep their heads buried in the ground trying to make historical sense out of it. Look up to the sky. The keys to unlocking the secrets of the Bible can be found with a map of the constellations and a good book on star mythology. My favorite is New Patterns in the Sky New Patterns in the Sky by Julius D. W. Staal,
The Zodiac wheel shows how the sun’s yearly ascension and descension conforms to the Bible’s motifs.
biblical Omens
In Mark chapter 13, there is an allegorical summary of the astronomical omens that lead to the end of the world. They start when the sun is at full power at its highest position on the horizon to when it descends to its death at the lowest position.
1. When the sun is at the summer solstice in Gemini, Jesus predicted that some day the temple will be destroyed. His disciples wanted to know what sign they should look for to know when this event will happen. In biblespeak, “sign” denotes astrological signs.
1And as
he came out of the temple, one of his disciples said to him, "Look, Teacher, what wonderful stones and what
wonderful buildings!"
2And Jesus said to him,
"Do you see these great buildings? There
will not be left here one stone upon another, that will not be thrown
down."
3And as he sat on the Mount
of Olives opposite the temple, Peter and James and John and Andrew asked
him privately,
4"Tell us, when will this be,
and what will be the sign when these things are all to be
accomplished?" (Mark 13:1-4)
2. After the sun passes the high point of the summer solstice it descends lower with each passing day. Allegorically, the sun is weakening because the dark forces of evil are said to waging war against it. The wars are just beginning.
The sun starts to descend in the house of Cancer. It is usually a time of hesitation, so Jesus warns what to expect and not to be alarmed.
7And
when you hear of wars and rumors of wars, do not be alarmed;
this must take place, but the end is not yet.
8For nation will rise against
nation, and kingdom against kingdom; there will be earthquakes in
various places, there will be famines; this is but the beginning of the
birth-pangs.
9"But take heed to
yourselves; for they will deliver you up to councils; and you will
be beaten in synagogues; and you will stand before governors and kings
for my sake, to bear testimony before them. (Mark 13:7-8)
3. The wars between light and dark intensify as the days get shorter. The sun is still strong, but the forces of evil are gaining power.
The house of Leo brings strength from the new harvest. So Jesus says to be strong against adversity and you will be saved.
11And
when they bring you to trial and deliver you up, do not be
anxious beforehand what you are to say; but say whatever is given
you in that hour, for it is not you who speak, but the Holy Spirit.
12And brother will deliver up
brother to death, and the father his child, and children will rise
against parents and have them put to death;
13and you will be hated by all
for my name's sake. But he who endures to the end will be saved.
14"But when you see the
desolating sacrilege set up where it ought not to be (let the reader
understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains;
(Mark 13:11-14)
4. Virgo is the last house before the sun descends into hell—Virgo is described as a nursing mother. There is no turning back.
15let
him who is on the housetop not go down, nor enter his house, to take
anything away;
16and let him who is in the
field not turn back to take his mantle.
17And alas for those who
are with child and for those who give suck [Virgo]
in those days! (Mark 13:15-17)
5. The sun has passed the fall equinox into Scorpio. The days are getting progressively shorter than the nights. According to Jesus, if the days did not get shorter, no one could be saved, so God shortened the days. Pray that the sign doesn’t happen in winter because it is the worst of times. If the days are still getting shorter and someone says the Christ has come, do not believe them. It is not the right time.
18Pray
that it may not happen in winter.
19For in those days there will
be such tribulation as has not been from the beginning of the creation
which God created until now, and never will be.
20And if the Lord had not
shortened the days, no human being would be saved; but for the sake
of the elect, whom he chose, he shortened the days.
21And then if any one says to
you, 'Look, here is the Christ!' or 'Look, there he is!' do not believe
it.
22False Christs and false
prophets will arise and show signs and wonders, to lead astray, if
possible, the elect.
23But take heed; I have told
you all things beforehand. (Mark 13:18-23)
6. The sun is in Sagittarius as the sun descends to its lowest point on the horizon. On the darkest days of the winter when the moon does not give light, the Son of man will come in clouds. The Son of man in clouds can be seen in the picture above. Below, the next frame shows the son of men descending on December 21.
24"But
in those days, after that tribulation, the sun will be darkened, and
the moon will not give its light,
25and the stars will be
falling from heaven, and the powers in the heavens will be shaken.
26And then they will see the
Son of man coming in clouds with great power and glory.
27And then he will send out
the angels, and gather his elect from the four winds, from the ends of
the earth to the ends of heaven. (Mark 13:24-27)
7. You will know he is near the gates to heaven (the spring equinox) when fig trees start to grow leaves.
28"From
the fig tree learn its lesson: as soon as its branch becomes tender and
puts forth its leaves, you know that summer is near.
29So also, when you see these
things taking place, you know that he is near, at the very gates.
(Mark 13:28-29)
8. This generation will see these things take place. —He means his generation.
30Truly,
I say to you, this generation will not pass away before all these things
take place.
31Heaven and earth will pass
away, but my words will not pass away. (Mark 13:30-31)
In the first century on December 21 at midnight, when the sun is darkened and the moon does not give up its light, the Son of man can be seen descending to earth. A month later it disappears from view.
Orion ascends in the east three days after its disappearance in the west.
The Gospel Son of man
The Gospel’s language is deceptive. Its language allegorizes Jesus as the sun’s yearly trek around the zodiac constellations. Orion is not one of the twelve zodiac constellations, but its path shadows the sun cycle. It is high in the sky when the sun is high and low when the sun is low. So when Jesus mentions the Son of man, he is referring to his Spirit as symbolized by Orion. The reasons are explained in Jesus' Ghost
Orion plays another important role as the three men who come to visit Jesus. Orion has a narrow waist with three stars. At the beginning of the year, the three stars point down to the star of Bethlehem, otherwise known as Sirius. Sirius is the brightest star in the sky.
Matthew gives the most detailed account of the Son of Man. The passages below follow a sequence according the zodiacal time of the year Jesus is speaking. Armed with our knowledge of Orion and the sun cycle, we can see what Jesus is talking about.
Aries
That the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head, means that Orion is not one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac.
20And Jesus said to him, "Foxes have holes, and birds of the air have nests; but the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head." (Matt. 8:20)
The Son of man has authority on earth to forgive sins.
6But that you may know that the Son of man has authority on earth to forgive sins"--he then said to the paralytic --"Rise, take up your bed and go home." (Matt. 9:6, Mk. 2:10)
Psalm 8 explains what Jesus meant about the Son of man having authority on earth. God made him a little less than God, but gave him dominion over his works. Gemini, by the way, hangs over Orion like a crown.
3
4 5 6 7 8 (Ps. 8:3-8)Taurus
Israel had 12 towns beginning with “Beth”, meaning “house of”. Each symbolized a house of the Zodiac. Orion has to go through all twelve houses before the time comes.
23When they persecute you in one town, flee to the next; for truly, I say to you, you will not have gone through all the towns of Israel, before the Son of man comes. (Matt. 10:23)
When Orion was seen in full view near the sun, he is said to be a glutton and drunkard.
19the Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say, 'Behold, a glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!' Yet wisdom is justified by her deeds." (Matt. 11:19)
As the sun passes through Gemini it crosses over Orion’s head. This is the time when the Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath.
Gemini
Orion’s position above the sun at the summer solstice, gave rise to his being called lord of the Sabbath.
8For the Son of man is lord of the sabbath." (Matt. 12:8, Mk. 2:28)
32And whoever says a word against the Son of man will be forgiven; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven, either in this age or in the age to come. (Matt. 12:32)
Cancer
In the last days of December, Orion disappears for three days. Similarly, there is darkness in the belly of the whale.
40For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale, so will the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. (Matt. 12:40)
Leo
The sons of the kingdom are the six constellations of spring and summer. The sons of the evil one are the six constellations of autumn and winter. The close of the age comes when the sun is at the lowest point of its descent. When the sun begins its ascent, the evil weeds will be burned with the heat from the sun’s rays. When the sun is in the spring and summer months, the righteous will shine.
37He
answered, "He who sows the good seed is
the Son of man;
38the field is the world, and
the good seed means the sons of the kingdom; the weeds are the
sons of the evil one,
39and the enemy who sowed them
is the devil; the harvest is the close of the age, and the reapers are
angels.
40Just as the weeds are
gathered and burned with fire, so will it be at the close of the
age.
41The Son of man will send his
angels, and they will gather out of his kingdom all causes of sin and
all evildoers,
42and throw them into the
furnace of fire; there men will weep and gnash their teeth.
43Then the righteous will
shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. He who has ears,
let him hear. (Matt. 13:37-43)
Virgo
Jesus denies that he is the Son of man. Peter calls him the Son of the living God which translates to Jesus as the sun of the living God.
13Now
when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his
disciples, "Who do men say that the
Son of man is?"
14And they said, "Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah,
and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets."
15He said to them,
"But who do you say that I am?"
16Simon Peter replied, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living
God." (Matt. 16:13-16)
Libra
Libra is the time when the sun descends below the equator into the evil dark months. It is a time for settling debts. On several occasions Jesus predicted his astrological demise.
Jesus reiterates about the Son of man will come in the lifetime of his followers. It means simply, that it is a once a year event.
27For
the Son of man is to come with his angels in the glory of his Father,
and then he will repay every man for what he has done.
28Truly, I say to you, there
are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the
Son of man coming in his kingdom." (Matt. 16:27-28)
“Coming down the mountain” means that the sun has descended past the fall equinox. Elijah will come as John the Baptist seen as the man pouring water in the constellation Aquarius. This will not happen until Orion rises from the east.
9And as
they were coming down the mountain, Jesus commanded them,
"Tell no one the vision, until the Son of man
is raised from the dead."
10And the disciples asked
him,
"Then why do the scribes say that first Elijah must come?"
11He replied,
"Elijah does come, and he is to restore all things;
12but I tell you that Elijah
has already come, and they did not know him, but did to him whatever
they pleased. So also the Son of man will suffer at their hands."
(Matt. 17:9-12)
When the sun descends below the equator into the dark days, it is said to be delivered to the enemy. There is nothing new about constellations disappearing for three days; it happens every day. As earth rotates, the stars appear to be moving westerly until they dip below the horizon. Three days later they reappear in the eastern horizon.
22As
they were gathering in Galilee, Jesus said to them,
"The Son of man is to be delivered into
the hands of men,
23and they will kill him, and
he will be raised on the third day." And they were greatly distressed.
(Matt. 17:22-23)
Gemini looks like a crown above Orion’s head. So it is on its throne on June 21, when the sun is at its highest point on the horizon in Gemini. Orion is “judging” in whatever constellation it happens to be in. Historically, Israel’s twelve tribes weren’t formed by bloodline. The familiar Greek zodiac names had Hebrew counterparts. See Stars of Israel.
28Jesus said to them, "Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of man shall sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. (Matt. 19:28)
Jesus foresees the astrological fate of his Spirit at the end of the year. His entry into Jerusalem represents the final phase in the sun’s descent.
18"Behold,
we are going up to Jerusalem; and the Son of man will be
delivered to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn him to
death,
19and deliver him to the
Gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified, and he will be raised
on the third day." (Matt. 20:18-19)
The sun serves humankind with its light. When the sun dies, Orion as the sun’s Spirit brings life to many.
28even as the Son of man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." (Matt. 20:28)
Scorpio
Orion comes from the east and sets in the west. The Constellation Aquila the eagle is in the house of Scorpio. The sun’s descent into darkness is the time of tribulation. Orion will not appear until after there is full darkness. From then on the glory of the sun will rise again.
27For as
the lightning comes from the east and shines as far as the west, so will
be the coming of the Son of man.
28Wherever the body is, there
the eagles will be gathered together.
29"Immediately after the
tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will
not give its light, and the stars will fall [descend]
from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken;
30then will appear the sign of
the Son of man in heaven, and then all the tribes of the earth
will mourn, and they will see the Son of man coming on the clouds
of heaven with power and great glory;
31and he will send out his
angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the
four winds, from one end of heaven to the other. (Matt. 24:27-31)
Noah’s ark can be seen in the constellation Argo Navis. Argo is so large that contemporary charts break it down into Carina, Puppis and Vela. Its rising follows Orion by about a month.
37As
were the days of Noah, so will be the coming of the Son of man.
38For as in those days before
the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in
marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark,
39and they did not know until
the flood came and swept them all away, so will be the coming of the
Son of man. (Matt. 24:37-39)
Jesus may not know precisely what day or hour Orion will rise, but he knows it will ascend in the darkest days of the year—this does not translate into years or centuries. Orion will rise before the sun ascends from its three days of darkness.
40Then
two men will be in the field; one is taken and one is left.
41Two women will be grinding
at the mill; one is taken and one is left.
42Watch therefore, for you
do not know on what day your Lord is coming.
43But know this, that if the
householder had known in what part of the night the thief was coming, he
would have watched and would not have let his house be broken into.
44Therefore you also must be
ready; for the Son of man is coming at an hour you do not expect.
(Matt. 24:40-44)
When Orion is rising and the angels or angles of Aries pass the spring equinox, the sun will have passed Capricorn. When the sun passes Aries, the sun will be in its glory as the progressive daylight hours of spring exceed the night. At the sun’s apex, Orion will be on its throne.
31"When
the Son of man comes in his glory, and all the angels [angles]
with him, then he will sit on his glorious throne.
32Before him will be gathered
all the nations, and he will separate them one from another as a
shepherd separates the sheep [Aries] from
the goats [Capricorn],
33and he will place the sheep
at his right hand, but the goats at the left. (Matt. 25:31-33)
Sagittarius
In the house of Aries (the Passover lamb), Orion will ascend across the spring equinox, where it will be crucified at the point where the sun’s path crosses the equator. The Christian cross represents the length of days at each cardinal point.
2"You know that after two days the Passover is coming, and the Son of man will be delivered up to be crucified." (Matt. 26:2)
Orion follows the path designated in the stars. It is said to be betrayed when it descends past the autumn equinox.
24The Son of man goes as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! It would have been better for that man if he had not been born." (Matt. 26:24)
Orion was already betrayed. The sun will be betrayed next. This is the only passage where Jesus and the Son of man can be obviously seen as two different entities.
45Then
he came to the disciples and said to them,
"Are you still sleeping and taking your rest? Behold, the hour is at
hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners.
46Rise, let us be going; see,
my betrayer is at hand." (Matt. 26:45-46)
When facing north, Orion’s rising in the east can be seen as rising from the right. Orion appears in front of the Milky Way, which is seen as clouds.
63But
Jesus was silent. And the high priest said to him, "I adjure you by the living God, tell us if you
are the Christ, the Son [sun] of God."
64Jesus said to him,
"You have said so. But I tell you, hereafter you will see the Son of
man seated at the right hand of Power, and coming on the clouds of
heaven. (Matt. 26:63-64)
In Psalms when the sun dies in Sagittarius, Orion cannot be seen.
3
4 (Ps. 146:3-4)Final thought
In biblespeak, the world ends when the sun dies. Three days later, the sun's Spirit represented by Orion brings The Three Wise Men and the Star of Bethlehem and the sun is born again. The Gospels tell a story of the sun’s travel through the Zodiac.
The phrase “new moon” has a similar legacy. Ancients believed that the moon died about every 28 days and was replaced by a new one.
Recommended reading
New Patterns in the Sky by Julius D. W. Staal
The Starlore Handbook by Geoffrey Cornelius